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In C, you can make decisions in your code using if, else-if, else, ternary operators, and switch statements.
if (x == 3) {
printf("x is 3!");
}
An if statement checks a condition and runs the code inside if the condition is true.
if (x == 3) {
printf("x is 3!");
}
An else-if statement provides additional conditions to test if the previous if condition was false.
if (x > 3) {
printf("x is greater than 3");
} else if (x < 3) {
printf("x is less than 3");
}
An else statement runs code when all previous if and else-if conditions are false.
if (x > 3) {
printf("x is greater than 3");
} else if (x < 3) {
printf("x is less than 3");
} else {
printf("x is 3");
}
A dangling else occurs when it's unclear which if statement an else belongs to. It's best to use braces to clarify.
if (x > 3) {
printf("x is greater than 3");
} else if (x < 3) {
printf("x is less than 3");
} else {
printf("x is 3");
}
A ternary operator is a shorthand for simple if-else statements. It chooses between two values based on a condition.
int min = (a < b) ? a : b; /* min gets the smaller of a or b */
A switch statement lets you test a variable against several possible values. It's a cleaner way to handle multiple conditions.
int day = 2;
switch (day) {
case 1:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 2:
printf("Tuesday");
break;
default:
printf("Other day");
}
Logical operators like && (and), || (or), and ! (not) are used to combine or negate conditions in if statements.
if (a > 5 && b < 10) {
printf("Both conditions are true");
}
Loops let you repeat actions. The main types are while loops, do-while loops, and for loops.
while (a < 10) {
a++;
}
A while loop keeps running as long as its condition is true.
while (a < 10) {
a++;
}
A do-while loop runs its code at least once before checking the condition to continue.
do {
printf("Not true!");
} while (2 == 3);
A for loop repeats a set number of times, which is useful when you know in advance how many times you want to loop.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("Hello!");
}
You can control loop execution with continue (to skip to the next iteration) and break (to exit the loop).
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) continue; /* Skip the rest of the loop body */
printf("%d\n", i);
}
You can convert a for loop to a while loop and vice versa. They are functionally similar but use different syntax.
/* For loop */
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}
/* Equivalent while loop */
int i = 0;
while (i < 10) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
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